Mental health Essay

Psychotherapy is more internal, and deep. It is more focused on the past, whereas counseling is more focused on the present. In psychotherapy, insight is more important than change, and the therapist’s role is as more of an expert. Psychotherapy is also long-term, where counseling is usually more short term. Counseling focuses on the Wellness Model –understanding the person in their context (job/family/community) 3. Discuss what is meant by counseling being an Art? Even though counseling techniques can be subjective and creative like an art, is still uses technique and strategies, and has standards that must be met. 4. ACA, CACREP, NBCC, APGA. ACA – American Counseling Association CACREP – Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs NBCC – National Board for Certified Counselors APGA – American Personnel and Guidance Association 5. 4 personal qualities counselors should have Curiosity Ability to listen and be empathetic Ability to have a conversation Empathy and Understanding Emotional Insightfulness Capacity for Self Denial Tolerance for Intimacy Comfortable with Power Goodwill – Do No Harm Self Awareness Maintaining Effectiveness Remaining Objective Accepting and Confronting Situations Ability to Laugh Intellectual Competence Energy. Flexibility Support 6. Briefly discuss burnout and 2 ways to avoid it or lessen the likelihood it will occur Burnout is the physical, mental and emotional exhaustions brought on by involvement over prolonged periods with emotionally demanding situations and people. Understand that you are there to support the client and lead them to empowerment, not to â€Å"fix† them. Some ways to avoid burnout are to seek counseling yourself, seeking supervision and guidance, taking a break or a vacation, joining a peer support group, getting regular exercise, meditation, taking time to enjoy hobbies, and seeking support from family and friends. Traumatic events in the counselor’s personal life may contribute to the stress felt when dealing with client issues at the same time. 7. Know terms Ethics is a discipline within philosophy that is concerned with human conduct and moral decision making and are the ideal standards expected by a profession. It governs relationships within a profession Morals are determined within a broad context of culture of society. They are our own and are often influenced by family, community and religion Laws dictate minimum standards of behavior that a society will tolerate Autonomy respects the freedom of choice Nonmaleficence Do not harm. Beneficence Be helpful and do not blame Justice Fairness to all clients Veracity Being honest and upfront Fidelity Loyalty and faithful to what my profession dictates Vicarious Liability- individuals who have control and authority over others will be held accountable for their negligence. (Supervisor is responsible for the actions he/she supervises) Common Law laws that developed as a result of court decisions (set by judicial precident) Regulations accepted guidelines set forth by a profession Federal Laws trumps rules and is established as the minimum requirements set by the government Rules established within the system. Tort Law law resulting from the private sector (laws that result from the suffering or harm from the private sector) 8. Be able to distinguish between Principle Ethics and Virtue Ethics Principal ethics have their foundation in moral principles, which are agreed upon assumptions or beliefs about ideals that are shared by members of the helping profession. ( â€Å"What should I do† [respect for autonomy, nonmaleficence, beneficence, justice, fidelity, veracity] ) Virtue ethics involve more than moral actions; they also involve traits of character or virtue. Virtue ethics focus on the actor rather than the action (â€Å"Who should I be† [integrity, discernment, acceptance of emotion, self-awareness, interdependence with the community]) 9. Know the reasons for ethical codes Ethical codes give our profession credibility, protects us from government interference, helps to reduce malpractice, protects the clients welfare, ensures accountability within the profession 10. Be able to discuss the 4 beliefs of counseling professionals or identify in a short vignette 1. The best perspective for assisting individuals is the wellness model of mental health. The goal is for each person to achieve positive mental health to the degree possible. Mental health is seen as occurring on a continuum. It accounts for functioning in family relationships, friendships, career, spirituality, leisure activities, physical health, living environment, financial status and sexuality. 2. Most of the issues that people face in life are developmental in nature and understanding the dynamics of human growth and development is essential to success as a helper. Since most problems are developmental, they are natural and normal. We all will experience certain things are different times of our lives. 3. Prevention and early intervention are far superior to remediation in dealing with personal and emotional problems. To do this, counselors provide education. Through education, the clients will have the necessary tools to meet the challenges later in life when encountered. 4. The goal of counseling is to empower individual clients and client systems to resolve their own problems independently of mental health professionals and to teach them to identify and resolve their own problems autonomously in the future. By teaching appropriate problem solving techniques, and increasing their self-understanding, it is hoped that the client will not always need assistance. 11. Be able to identify factors that influence culture 12. Race Ethnicity Nationality Gender Age Social Class Marital Status Sexual Orientation Disability Place of Residence Language Religion Other nonvisible 13. Be able to identify the important things to consider in crisis counseling Distinguish physiological responses from gestures. – Be aware of how things like eye contact can be cultural. Avoid using stereotypical conclusions regarding non verbal behavior Avoid imposing your values on an individual in a crisis situation ( what seems to you to be slef-defeating may actually be cultural in context) 14. Be able to identify and briefly discuss the three areas of Multicultural Competencies Self Awareness – Become aware of your own personal values, biases, assumptions Knowledge – Increase awareness of cultural values, biases, assumptions of diverse clients Skills – Develop culturally appropriate intervention strategies for diverse clients. 15. Be able to identify and briefly discuss the assumptions regarding values AND ways to minimize imposing values on clients Be careful not to project your own values or interests onto the client. Lead them to the outcome that they are comfortable with. Be sure to take into consideration cultural influences, religious influences, etc. There is no such thing as an absolute value that exists objectively. Each person is responsible for their own values system. Acknowledge tendency to see clients as pathological when dealing with personal values. Accept clients as they are instead of sick of immoral because values systems do not conform. Inform yourself about eh varieties of values held in society. Be aware of your own values. Present value options in an unbiased manner. Be committed to freedom of choice of your clients. Respect clients who have values different than your own. Consult others when conflict exists. Refer clients to another counselor if conflicts cannot be resolved. 16. Know Confidentiality an ethical concept that refers to the counselor’s obligation to respect the client’s privacy and to our promise to clients that the information they reveal during counseling will be protected from disclosure without their consent. (Autonomy, respect, pledge of silence, utility) Privileged Communication a judge cannot order information that has been recognized by law as privileged to be revealed in court. Communications must originate in confidence. The element of confidentiality must be essential to the relationship. The relationship is one that needs to be carefully fostered. The injury to the relationship that disclosure of communications would cause must be greater than the benefit gained for the correct disposal of the litigation. Privacy The freedom of individuals to choose when they reveal their information. The right to keep the counseling relationship a secret. Afforded to all individuals in the 4th amendment. 17. Know the limits/exceptions to confidentiality and privileged communication 18. Client waives privilege Does not end in death Sharing with subordinates/superiors Protecting someone in danger Counseling multiple clients (group) Counseling Minors Court Ordered Legal Protections for Counselors in dispute 19. Be able to identify potential legal issues 20. Know SOAP Subjective (â€Å"use quotes†, write whatever the client reports) Objective (info from the counselor, assessments, reports) Assessments (impression of S and O. Does everything measure up? ) Plans (diagnosis and treatment plan with goals and objectives) DAPData (Objective information) Assessment ( counselor’s interpretation of the data) Plan (what you intend to do and what you what to accomplish) 21. Be able to discuss reasons for writing case notes and goals of writing case notes It helps to see your client as a total person. Helps to remember client details. Notes are not meant to be a transcript. It is an integrated view of the interaction. For review by many others who are in on the care of the patient. 22. Be able to identify things that might be considered â€Å"records† related to clients/students in the counseling profession Phone calls, emails, appointments, bills, parking passes, payment records, physical recordings, audio recordings, case notes 23. Know the questions to consider when writing/thinking about clinical notes Be concise. Be transparent. Don’t put something in a record that you would not want to be made public. â€Å"Just the facts. † 24. Be able to identify who might read clinical notes Supervisors, transcribers, other clinicians, lawyers, attendings 25. Be able to discuss problems/issues related to using various forms of technology related to information about clients/students. Security is hard to secure electronically. Files can be intercepted. Phone calls can be intercepted. FB allows for multiple people to see and access information. Confidentiality cannot be guaranteed. 26. How might you ensure confidentiality related to various forms of technology Encryption. Fax cover sheets. Getting written instructions as to how and when and where to present and what data can be presented.

The Matrix Linked Christianity

Matrix movie is full of violence but there are some powerful concepts in it that will help us to understand what really the real world is, that may help us to be different from usual people, leaving the secular society and do the things that are needed to be done. When Neo took the red pill and woke up in the pod or vat, it was just like when we turn to Jesus and woke up from the Matrix that we live in called material society.Like Neo when he woke up in the pod, he realized that humans are slaves to an empire of man-made, intelligent machines and the first year of most of us who turned back after with Christ was extremely confusing (The Christian Science Monitor, 2003). Things we had believed for years no longer made any sense whatsoever. Neo said, â€Å"how come my eyes hurt so much†, and Morpheus replied, â€Å"It's because you never used them before†. Neither had most of us used our spiritual eyes, and when the light of Jesus hit us, we were empowered to see things t hrough our spiritual eyes, but it also hurt like crazy cause no one understood us.Lots of people had never yet wake up from Matrix, and these people are the most person who will always turned us down, people who are our love ones. Analysis of Matrix from Christian View The Matrix: our civilization The Resistance: members of the Christian family including Angels in heaven (people not plugged into the Matrix) and Christians on earth (people plugged into the Matrix. ) The only job of the Resistance is to wake people up from the Matrix and get them to join the Resistance.Sentient programs: angels of the Devil roaming the earth (Matrix) looking for members of the Resistance (Christians) who they can kill or interfere with. Morpheus: John the Baptist Cypher: Judas Neo: Jesus Christ Life in the Matrix is not real life and there is a supreme negative intelligence running the Matrix. It is smarter than any human being. It outsmarts people into thinking they are living life and getting ahead (successful in the Matrix) when they are really asleep, dying and lying dormant in the pod (or vat) with the life being sucked out of them by the source of the Matrix (the Machines- the Devil).In the movie this â€Å"life† is human electromagnetic energy – in real world that â€Å"life† is our spiritual energy, the soul that the devil sucks out of us, as we are lying spiritually unconscious. In the world of The Matrix, men are â€Å"born into bondage, born into a prison that you cannot smell or taste or touch. † Then comes â€Å"the One,† the promised deliverer who will overcome mankind’s enemy and liberate the human race from bondage. Morpheus has been foretold that he will find this figure of prophecy; and, like John the Baptist heralding Jesus as the Lamb of God, Morpheus recognizes Neo to be the One.According to Morpheus, the Matrix is â€Å"the world that has been pulled over your eyes to blind you from the truth† (Wikipedia, 200 6). The Matrix is symbolic of sin that keeps the human race blinded about reality. â€Å"It is the world that has been pulled over your eyes to blind you from the truth. † Each person is â€Å"born into bondage†¦ a prison, for your mind. † The illusion of the matrix is so we do not wake up to the realization of our slavery. It would seem that the machines then are Satan and his demons trying to deceive mankind concerning his true state of bondage.Neo's real name is Thomas Anderson, perhaps referring to â€Å"doubting Thomas† of the Bible (since it took him so long to believe he was the One). The name Anderson means â€Å"son of man,† a title used by Jesus in reference to himself. He mimics the true Savior by having both a death and resurrection. After his resurrection, the matrix (sin) no longer has dominion over him. This is in contrast to the reality of the Savior who died in history. Death and sin had no power over Christ. As Christ died for manki nd, Neo dies to save the world.At the end, Neo determines to show the world the truth, just as Christ said He is the truth. Neo destroys Agent Smith and Christ destroyed evil. The world is set free from the bondage of the matrix, and Christ frees those who believe in Him from the bondage of sin. A character Choi, says to him â€Å"Hallelujah. You're my savior, man. My own personal Jesus Christ. † A plate in Morpheus' ship Nebuchadnezzar says â€Å"Mark III No. 11,† a probable allusion to the Bible: Mark 3:11 reads, â€Å"Whenever the unclean spirits saw him, they fell down before him and shouted, ‘You are the Son of God!‘† (About, 2006). Anderson's hacker alias Neo is an anagram for the One. He is The One who is prophesied to liberate humanity from the chains that imprison them in their computer-generated illusion. First, however, he has to die – and he is killed in room 303. But, after 72 seconds (analogous to 3 days), Neo rises again. Soon t hereafter, he also ascends up into the heavens. There is a battle between the machines (an allegory for the devil and his angels) and the Resistance (Angels and saints.) The members of the Resistance who are not presently plugged into the Matrix are kind of like angels because they can help people in the Matrix (by hacking into it) but are not able to directly interfere in human choice. This battle outside the Matrix is like the battle in the heavens between the angels of the devil and God's angels and saints of God. Members of the Resistance, who are plugged into the Matrix and have an identity there, are able to do things that the people in the Matrix can't do. They are more intuitive, have greater power to fight evil etc.But they are reliant on the members of the Resistance who are back at the ship (Angels). Life as a member of the Resistance is exciting. However, the sentient programs are very interested in destroying these members of the Resistance. The sentient programs have n o interest in the other people in the Matrix because they know they have them already. The machines that run the Matrix see the Resistance as a threat and therefore try to kill them or interfere with their activities (an allegory for Persecution of Christians in the Media etc. )Some people who belong to the Resistance have â€Å"real† jobs in the Matrix like those who are asleep plugged into it. But because the Resistance has been woken up to the fact that the Matrix is unreal, they no longer see things in the Matrix in the same way as other people, even though they are doing regular jobs. They see it as an illusion. These regular jobs are just positions like a spy in the Second World War who would work in a German shoe repair or other trivial job. But they are simply put there as a posting to achieve the greater end.The decision to take the red pill is a completely free choice with no one forcing it. Taking the red pill is an allegory for the choice to completely surrender t o Jesus. It is the only hope for the future. Otherwise they stay asleep. The job of the Matrix is to keep people â€Å"engaged† in the day to day trivial things of life in the Matrix so they stay asleep and die while hooked up to the pod (or vat). And then they are ejected into the sewer mote (hell). When Neo woke up he was ejected into the mote (hell) but was rescued by the Resistance (Angels). This is similar to Jesus in the desert.Angels waited upon Jesus and nursed him back to health after he was 40 days in the desert the same way the members of the Resistance nursed Neo back to health when he woke up from the Matrix. This was the start of Neo's participation in the Resistance. Jesus' ministry started after the 40 days in the desert. Of course there’s also a Judas figure (in one scene he and Neo drink from the same cup, as Jesus and Judas dipped in the same dish). Cypher is a Judas figure. Which is pretty obvious. Cypher knows that the Matrix is not real and that a ny pleasures he experiences there are illusory (What is the Matrix, 1999).When Smith (the sentient program) outsmarts Neo, near the end of the movie, he knew what Neo was thinking and so was one step ahead of him waiting in the room where Neo went to make the phone call. That is when Smith shoots Neo as he went to make the phone call in room 303. When we don't completely surrender to Christ, our best plans will not succeed in getting us out of the Matrix (material world) because the devil can read our actions and behavior. So he is always one step ahead of us like Smith was when he was waiting for Neo in the room where Neo was going to make the phone call.Neo dies and is raised to life again. When Neo came back to life and realized he was the one. He was no longer thinking about what he would do next. He was plugged into his Divine power. Neo was no longer planning ahead. He was responding to his spiritual connectedness in the moment. And so Smith could no longer figure out what Neo was going to do next and was no longer able to be one step ahead of Neo. Smith was no longer able to read what Neo would do next because Neo didn't even know, Neo was simply responding to his spiritual connectedness, which, in fact put Neo one step ahead of Smith.If we trust God, we don't know what he is going to do next with us, but neither does the devil. In that way God can outsmart the devil in our lives. It's when we wrestle to keep control of our lives that we are subject to interference from the devil because he will always be a step ahead of us. Life as a Christian is completely different from when we planned our lives. We don't know what God will do next and we just trust and listen and watch God outsmart evil in our lives. Then the devil can no longer be a step ahead of us (i. e. , waiting at the door to shoot us like Smith did to Neo when Neo was thinking for himself).I understand the fear of surrender but this is a good surrender, it is plugging into a source of power t hat outsmarts evil in my life. I think it is the only source. Jesus is â€Å"The One†. The reality of this world and man’s destiny is clearly revealed in God’s Word. Man is not his own savior, but he is a condemned sinner in bondage to sin; as a result, man is spiritually dead. Jesus Christ is the savior who did not leave it up to people to see how they felt about Him in order to believe. Rather, He gave many signs proving, in fact, that He is God and Savior. His death and resurrection is a historic fact.The man who thinks he will save himself is grievously deceived. It is only in trusting in Jesus Christ’s death and resurrection to atone for man’s sin that a repentant sinner can be released from the bondage of sin and experience eternal fellowship with his Creator. There are also other problematic implications to the film. From a Christian perspective, to begin with, the whole premise of the unknowing enslavement of all of humanity by machines is a staggeringly apocalyptic event that raises serious eschatological questions: Would God allows all of humanity to be subjected to so immense a deception?Descartes argued not. Consider especially the implications of generations of humans living and dying without real physical contact with one another. While it’s possible to imagine Christian faith existing in such a world (and indeed Morpheus mentions people going to church in the Matrix), the Church itself, and in particular apostolic succession and the papacy, cannot be perpetuated under these conditions, since there is no physical laying on of hands.(This problem is mitigated, though, by the fact that the film does establish that not all of mankind is in the Matrix — there is one surviving human community, Zion, where it’s possible to imagine the Church having survived. On the other hand, what we see of Zion in the sequel, The Matrix Reloaded, offers no indication whatsoever of any Christian presence. ) In fa ct, God and religion seem to be basically irrelevant to the characters in the film. Morality, too, tends generally to be a non-issue.Of course there’s the glaring disregard for life seen especially in the lobby massacre. Beyond this, Neo himself has a shady background, and although he is in many ways transformed during the course of the film, this doesn’t include any kind of moral transformation. Likewise, Morpheus sets people free from the Matrix, but there’s no indication that they’re any freer from sin or evil. Consider a scene in which a character named Mouse invites Neo to have virtual sex with a digital woman of his creation.The other crewmembers may needle Mouse as a â€Å"digital pimp,† but there’s no real moral backbone to their criticism. (â€Å"Pay no attention to these hypocrites,† Mouse tells Neo. â€Å"To deny our impulses is to deny the very thing that makes us human. â€Å") Of course there’s no rule that says that characters fighting against a great evil must be depicted as paragons of virtue. On the other hand, the film’s overall lack of moral perspective does make it hard to see it as meaningfully â€Å"Christian. † References The Holy Bible. 2005. December 4, 2006. The Matrix. Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia. 4 December 2006. December 4, 2006. . The Matrix and Christianity. About. 2006. December 2, 2006. The Gospel according to Neo. The Christian Science Monitor. May 09, 2003. December 2, 2006. Wake Up!. What is the Matrix. 1999. December 2, 2006. .

Informative Speech Essay

A List of Informative Speech Topics: Pick Only Awesome Ideas! Just when you thing you’re way past through the question â€Å"How to write an essay?†, another one comes. That’s the thing students desperately Google like â€Å"What is a informative speech?† – and, believe experts, this is something you’ll definitely need some professional help in. Informative speaking is a speech on completely new issue. Tell your audience something they have never known! Now that you know the answer to the question â€Å"What is informative speaking?†, it’s time to check a great informative essay topics list – check the modern concerns and issues to deal with! A List of Informative Speech Topics: Healthcare and Medicine. First of all, check the informative essay topic ideas on health – that’s the hottest ticket for this season! The Variety of Healthy Lifestyle Choices: It Is Time to Take Care of Yourself; The Connection between Health and Happiness: Playing the â€Å"Glad† Game; Modern Health Care: New Issues, Approaches and Technologies; Mental Hygiene: Taking Proper Care of Your Brain; Healthy Eating vs. Eating Disorders: What Causes Anorexia and Bulimia and How to Fight Both; Healthy Habits and How to Acquire Them: Be Careful What You Eat; Healthy Child Development: New Trends and Theories. Holdd on – there’s a bunch of other topics for informative essay ahead! A List of Informative Speech Topics: Teaching. Education Issues In case you’re looking for a couple of informative topics for presentation of an educational issue, consider the following suggestions: Education in America vs. Education in Europe: The Differences and the Similarities; What Makes Education Important: The Praise of Literacy; Education and Unemployment: The Reasonability of Studying; The Difference between Education and Personality Development; Education Helps to Reach the Career Goals†¦ and Shape Them; Technological Advances in Promoting a Better Quality of Education; Current Issues in Education and the Means to Solve Them; Education in the Groups of ESL-Speakers: Challenges and Solutions. With these informative presentation topics, you are always on top! A List of Informative Speech Topics: in the Rhythm of Waltz. Among the most popular informative speaking topics, the ones concerning music must be really exciting. So why don’t you try some of these ideas: Musical Instruments and Character Peculiarities: The Melancholic Prefer Violins; The Role of Music in Society: A Means to Spur Creativity or Calm People Down? Music Therapy and Its effects: Another Panacea for the Humankind; Music as a Mixture of Art and Industry: the XXI Century Pop Culture; Musical Theater as the Most Unforgettable Experience: Something You Never Knew about It; The Most Notable Person in the Music History: Changing the World in a Moment; The Tendencies in the Music genres Development: XXI Century; Musical Expression: Definition and the Modern Interpretation. A List of Informative Speech Topics: What Makes Your Mouth Water In case you’re looking for the essay topics and ideas concerning nutrition, there’s a plenty of wonderful speeches for you to choose: The Most Exotic Food Ever: A Snapshoot of the World Culture; Food Additives, Their Effects and Threats: Be Careful What You Eat; Food Chains: the Mechanisms, the Efficiency and the Revenues; Providing Food Security: Learning What Meals Consist of; Food Habits in Different Countries: Learning the Peculiarities of Etiquette; Food and Nutrition: The Differences and the Similarities between the Two; Food Resources in Impoverished Countries: Solving the Problem. Follow these informative writing prompts, and you’ll create incredible essay writing topics! A List of Informative Speech Topics: Essay and Thesis Samples. Writing an essay, you’ll need a thesis– one of its most important elements, so take a glance at the thesis statement examples below: Thesis Statement #1 Because of the increasing impact which the R’n’B and Indi genres has on the audience, it can be suggested that the main tendency of the XXI century music is going to be a cross between the two. Thesis Statement #2 Despite the abundance of the information concerning the threat of environmental pollution, it is not the latter, but the lack of resources which is likely to threaten the humankind. Finally, check this excerpt — one of the best informative essay examples you can ever come across! [†¦] In the XXI Century, there is hardly a single sci-fi idea which has not been turned real yet. Even the craziest idea ever, the concept of invisibility was finally put into practice. However, despite the numerous achievements of the humankind, the ability to turn people or things transparent is yet a dream. However, with the help of the recent developments the dream is likely to turn into reality in the nearest future. The first issue which needs clarifying is the difference between invisibility and transparency. [†¦] Congratulations – now you’re ready to write the informative speech of your dream!

Importance of communication in CT scan unit Essay

Importance of communication in CT scan unit - Essay Example Communication helps patients ask questions and gives CT technologists the platform to explain the procedure to them and their families while it enables the CT technologists make informed decisions alongside physicians and other medical professionals. Therefore, with the importance of communication in the CT scan unit not in question, this paper will discuss the methods of communication the CT technologists use. The CT scan unit is a formal working environment but the nature of interactions that take place there necessitate more than formal communication methods (Acuff, Bradley & Osborne, 2014). However, the most prominent methods used include written communication such letters, email and memos; oral communication such formal briefings and phone calls; online communications; scientific communication; and face-to-face communication, which entails the largest portion informal communication. All these have a common objective to communicate needs in a timely manner and remain clear, avoid repetitions, be concise and, most importantly, minimize anxiety and trauma. This type of communication remains the most prominent in the formal setup. Its significance is more emphasized in communications because CT technologists and their colleagues, physicians and medical professionals. One of the primary responsibilities of CT technologists is receiving and responding to orders from physicians as well as departmental protocols, and email and internal memos serve this function effectively. For example, email will enable CT technologists to exchange information and pass and receive messages between themselves and their team members without any of them leaving their work stations. Although the CT technologist will have an interpersonal form of communication with the patient, written communication prior to the procedure will prepare both patients and their families for what is coming (Beukelman & Ray, 2010). Written communications,

Teacher Misbehavior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Teacher Misbehavior - Essay Example As Lewis and Riley (2009), â€Å"The way some teachers respond to the stress integral to their chosen profession is by interacting with students in a way that can be conceptualised as misbehaving† (p. 417). Teachers’ behavior towards students and their way of interaction becomes negative due to stress or any other reason, which is termed in today’s world as ‘teacher misbehavior’. Teacher misbehavior is not just linked to decreased interaction between students and teachers due to teachers’ inappropriate behaviors. Rather, it is also linked with an overall downward shift in the classroom management behaviors and instructional skills of teachers. A stressed or indolent teacher is not able to focus his/her attention on his/her professional roles and responsibilities in the way an effective teacher can. It is due to the fact that stress, incompetence, and thinking about personal issues at the workplace make a person unable to deliver his/her best no matter to what professional field he/she belongs to. A teacher may show abrupt behaviors due to many reasons. In today’s professional settings, salary and working environment are two such factors that can cause a person to show misbehavior at the workplace. Teachers, who feel stressed either due to salary issues or school climate, become unable to teach their students using appropriate instructional techniques because their mind does not let them focus their attention towards their professional duties (Sava, 2002). As the result of this, teachers start taking their professional responsibilities as granted and become unable to do justice with their roles and responsibilities. This inability to do justice with professional roles and responsibilities leads to inappropriate behaviors both with students in classrooms and with colleagues at the staffroom, which is known as teacher misbehavior in the educational settings. As Sava (2002) states, â€Å"teachers who

The level of skills in contributing to the development of Human Dissertation

The level of skills in contributing to the development of Human Resource Management (HRM) practice in public sector in the Kingd - Dissertation Example Saudi Arabia is one of the biggest countries of Middle East earning mainly from the export of petroleum products (Ramady, 2010). Despite being rich in natural resources the country is facing a paradox of high wealth and a human resource base that is challenged in terms of skills. Saudi Arabia is facing significant shortage of skilled, semi-skilled and unskilled labor (Ramady, 2010). Part of the reason is the influence of religious and cultural values resulting in an educational system that focuses less on a structured vocational or professional training who can meet the demands of the thriving economy (Oxford Business Group, 2008). Moreover, female population constitutes a minor portion of the total workforce due to which the country has to rely on the foreign/overseas employees to fill the demand & supply gap of the workforce (Oxford Business Group, 2008). According to a study by Al-Masnad in 1999, about sixty percent of the population of Saudi Arabia is under the age of eighteen. T he youth is living under social stereotypes due to which they refuse to accept technical and manual jobs and prefer working in managerial positions. As a result, the country is depending on expatriates and third country nationals especially in the fields of engineering and information technology. Apart from this, there is a weak connection between the Saudi educational system output and the requirement of the industry. The system of education is inadequate for the training and development of the future employees in technical and managerial skills needed for the development of human resource management. The country is producing more graduates in the fields of religious studies and humanities (Achoui, 2009). According to a report by World Economic Forum in 2007, the major obstacle in the development of human resources in Arab countries is the uneducated local workforce. Human Resource Management (HRM) is an emerging field in Saudi Arabia (Ali, 2008). Therefore, it is important to see that impact of employee skills of the HR practices of public sector so that companies can gain a clear image of the contribution of their employees in the achievement of their organizational goals. Clearly, the level of skills of the Saudi people affect and are affected by the practice of human resource management in the Kingdom. This is because it is apparent that every HRM system must work hand-in-hand with the people in the area within which it is to operate. Thus, the state of the Saudi human resource base will definitely have an effect on the human resource management system. On the other hand, the human resource management system will attempt to modify the human resource base through events like appraisal, promotion and motivation. Thus the push and pull factors shape and define the human resource system of the country. The purpose of this research proposal is to find out the influence of the changes in the level of skills the public sector of Saudi Arabia on the development o f HRM practices and policies. The importance of this research is that it is an unprecedented exercise that seeks to build the foundation for for future research and development of human resource management in Saudi Arabia. LITERATURE REVIEW: Fitzsimons (1999) stated that education and training are fundamental elements of the concept of human capital which determines the economy of a given nation. In terms of

Inclusion and Mainstreaming of Children with ADHD Essay

Inclusion and Mainstreaming of Children with ADHD - Essay Example The paper begins with an over-all discussion of ADHD and includes a review of the latest literature on the topic with an assessment of past empirical findings on the research topic under investigation. Part 1 provides a background, relevance, literature review, and the aims and objectives of the dissertation. Part 2 identifies the factors associated with how the researcher intends to approach this study, explaining methods of data collection and data analysis to be adopted. Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a condition characterized by hyperactivity, impulsiveness, and inattention that becomes apparent in some children in the pre-school and early school years. The general symptom is the inability to control behaviour and/or to pay attention. Research findings (Greenberg & Horn, 1991) estimated that in some countries like the United States, 3 to 5 percent of children have this condition, which means that in a normal classroom of 25 to 30 children, there would be at least one with ADHD. Although first described by Hoffman in 1845, Still (1902) was the first to describe the condition in a scientific paper and hypothesised the cause to be a genetic dysfunction and not poor child-rearing. Garber, Garber, & Spizman (1990) were the first to use the term ADHD for the condition. Hunsucker (1988) was the first to argue that if persons with ADHD were treated early, there would be a reduction in the juvenile and adult crime rates, school drop-out rates, and alcohol and drug abuse. ADHD is a treatable condition the sooner it is diagnosed and if children with ADHD are provided with special education. This is why there has been an increase through the years in the scientific literature on the topic, more specifically on the issue of mainstreaming and inclusion of children undergoing special education. Mainstreaming is the original term that describes placing children with disabilities in classrooms with non-handicapped children. In the early stages, special education children were placed in special classes and would join regular classroom settings during extra classes such as music and art. This term has evolved into "inclusion" which tries to place special education and disabled children in regular education classes as often as possible (York et al., 1992; Adamson et al., 1990; Cook & Friend, 1992; Conn, 1992; CEC, 1993; Friend & Cook, 1992; Giangreco et al., 1993). These papers argued for the main reasons behind the interest on this issue that have to do with the fact that the classroom and school environments provide an effective factor for early diagnosis, the

Personnel Hazards of Dry Chemical Systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Personnel Hazards of Dry Chemical Systems - Essay Example Dry chemical systems that include mica, clay and amorphous silica can contain small quantities of quartz or crystalline silica. Inhalation above the exposure limits (about 3 mg/m3) and prolonged respiratory exposure can increase the possibility of developing a disabling disease called as silicosis. The condition induces inflammation and scarring of nodular lobes in the lungs. It can induce chronic coughing and fever. Deposits of crystalline silica were also identified as carcinogenic to the human body though this is yet subject to further verification. Decompositions of compounds also include hazardous products such as ammonia, carbon oxides and phosphorous oxides. These can induce negative health effects such as fever and respiratory problems. Dry chemical compounds are also extremely corrosive and abrasive to metals indicating that it can also cause skin diseases like dermatitis and other complications to eyes and other parts of the body. However, many dry chemicals in the market do not require extensive protective equipment especially in local applications. There is also the possibility of explosion of pressurized containers though this is quite unusual but possible. (Acme Fire, 2007)

Air Pollution in London Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Air Pollution in London - Essay Example Concentrations ofsix pollutants reduced between 2007 and 2008. Between 1998 and 2008 concentrations of eight pollutants have reduced. The substances that cause air pollution are called pollutants. If they are pumped into our atmosphere and directly pollute the air are called primary pollutants. Carbon monoxide from car exhausts, sulphur dioxide from the combustion of coal is example for primary pollutants. If primary pollutants in the atmosphere undergo chemical reaction, and further cause pollution, they are secondary pollutants. Photochemical smog is an example for secondary pollutant. Air pollutants mainly occur as a result of gaseous discharges from industry and motor vehicles. There are also natural sources such as wind-blown dust and smoke from fires. With increasing urbanisation and industrialisation, more pollution has been added to the air by industrial, commercial and domestic sources. When these concentrated gases like Co, Co2, So2, No2, Ozone, and Pm10 exceed safe limits, we have a pollution problem. Air pollution, particularly in cities, is not a new problem. Back in the middle ages the use of coal in cities such as London was beginning to escalate. In UK the industrial revolution during the 18th and 19th centuries was based on the use of coal. Urban air pollution levels often reached very high levels due to the burning of coal in industries, as well as in homes for domestic heat. During foggy conditions, pollution levels escalated and urban smogs (smoke and fog) were formed. These often brought cities to a halt while disrupting traffic, and may also cause deaths. Effects of air pollution on buildings and vegetation also became obvious. Effects Inhaling So2 in excess amount would lead to cough, tightening of chest, and irritation of lungs. NO2 results in irritation and inflammation of lungs. PM10 may cause inflammation of lungs, linkage of long term exposure to coronary heart disease and lung cancer. Intake of carbon monoxide in excess amount would leads to prevention of normal transport of oxygen by blood, resulting in the reduction of oxygen supply to the heart. Ozone causes pain on deep breathing, cough, irritation and inflammation of lungs. Benzene and 1, 3-butadiene leads to cancer. Lead is responsible for linkage of exposure to impaired mental function and neurological damage in children. In the great 'smog disaster' in London in 1952, nearly 4,000 people died in a few days due to the high concentrations of pollution. Air pollution in London is decreasing Year Moderate High Year Moderate High Year Moderate High 2000 218 7 2003 480 32 2006 396 26 2001 275 24 2004 225 3 2007 200 12 2002 175 7 2005 230 5 2008 130 6 1. Days of moderate-high, and very high air pollution at selected urban sites across London during 2000-2008 (Source: Defra). 2. Relative annual mean concentrations of SO2, PM10, Nox and NO2 monitored at several sites across London. (Source: London Air Quality Network, King's college London). According to the data, there has been a downward trend in the annual mean concentration of SO2. Since 2000 it had fallen significantly. By the spring of 2009 it had fallen by 80% since November 1996. Annual mean concentration of PM10 has decreased by nearly 26 % between November 1996 and late 2008. The concentration of NO2 has fallen since 2000, and now appears to

How is national identity constructed in everyday life Essay

How is national identity constructed in everyday life - Essay Example First of all it is necessary for us to make clear the definition of our subject and its obvious connection with day-to-day life of an individual. In other words it is significant for our study to systematize our definition of a national identity and parts from which it consists. National identity consists of and develops with a help of almost everything that surrounds person during his or her daily activities. Of course we are going to talk about this in general and exclusions like in cases of immigration or living in exile are not among the topics of our research. Every day person deals with problems and issues that guarantee this person’s further existence. All people except maybe some monks in mountains identify themselves with and depend on the country in which they live. These national borders do not always remain final and non-arguable but in most cases for now countries all around the world stay in more or less stable condition. This allows us to talk about formed national identity except maybe for those people who live in regions like Middle East or post-Soviet Union regions where nationality is not formed at all or not formed well. Everyday life consists of our co-existing with all kinds of political, social, cultural, religious and other ideological and traditional ideas and concepts. I suggest to pay each of them attention which they deserve as parts of a basis of our question. Geographical position and ethnic roots predispose the origin of nations. After people became a group the psychological and ideological formation of an identity has been developing and evolving. So the location acts as a starting point for the further establishment of a national character and this evolution of a savage into a civilized citizen is influenced by different factors (Henslin, 2011). Politics and political consciousness of an individual are one of the most important details in the

Extreme poverty Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Extreme poverty - Coursework Example asic security leads to chronic poverty when it simultaneously affects several aspects of people’s lives, when it is prolonged and when it severely compromises people’s chances of regaining their rights and of reassuming their responsibilities in the foreseeable future.† In 2005, the World Bank also defined extreme poverty as living on less than or as having to survive on US$ 1.25 per day. But at present, the amount was adjusted to US$ 1.50 due to account inflation. This meant meeting all the basic necessities in life with the equivalent of that amount a day in order to survive. The $1.50 a day is all they have to spend on all their living costs. Therefore, their prime concern is their day-to-day survival. The tendency was they set aside their other needs such as education which can be an important remedy to pull themselves out of poverty. People living in extreme poverty are more vulnerable to malnutrition and hunger, inadequate access to basic services such as health, sanitation, education, etc, and are more likely to acquire different diseases because of weak immune system depressed by malnutrition. Pro-poor Growth (labor-intensive employment and income creation, public/private sector provision of basic services, poor area public investment. regional and sub regional cooperation, environmental sustainability) Henderson, C. (2002) Notes on Poverty in the Philippines, 2002 Edition. Article available at http://www.apmforum.com/columns/orientseas49.htmpasingit, rush, kahit ano na lang matapos mo, 1 page lang: History and Political

Genetically modified food Essay Example for Free

Genetically modified food Essay GMO foods are such an embedded part of our food system these days, but it’s not difficult to think back to a time when food was simpler and healthier. How did we get to the point that genetically modified organisms infiltrate so much of what we eat? Genetically modified foods (or GM foods) are foods produced from organisms that have had specific changes introduced into their DNA using the methods of genetic engineering. These techniques have allowed for the introduction of new crop traits as well as a far greater control over a foods genetic structure. The introduction of genetically modified food has created both benefits and conflicts among people. The idea of producing food with desirable qualities paved the way for the development of genetically modified food worldwide. Scientists were able to isolate genes with favourable traits and insert them in crops to produce food that can resist drought, insects, pesticides and even is more nutritious. It started by developing a tomato with a longer shelf life in 1994 called Flavr Savr. But then, it was found that consumption of this engineered tomato caused stomach lesions in rats, thus, raising issues about the safety of genetically modified food in general. Since then, the debate raise on the disadvantages of consumption of genetically modified food. Below are just some examples of the long list of disadvantages of such practice; 1. The safety of such products is not verified yet, in fact, we are the lab rats to test the safety of such technology. This is sad but true. In fact, genetically engineered food is being consumed daily with no thorough research of its potential threats on human health. 2. Genetically modified ingredients can cause cancer. A consultant histopathologest at Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Dr Stanley Ewen, raised the concern that food and water contaminated with genetically engineered material could increase the growth of malignant tumours upon contact with humans. Later, other studies suggested a link between engineered food and cancer.

Role of Requirements of a Nursing Entrepreneur

Role of Requirements of a Nursing Entrepreneur Nursing Entrepreneur There are numerous careers and opportunities available in the nursing and health care field. The health care industry is expected to have one of the fastest growth rates through the next 10 years. What better time than now to proclaim a self made product or idea, especially when registered nurses have definite advantages over the general public when it comes to starting a business. This growth rate of healthcare jobs is expected to add a projected 4 million new wage and salary jobs, indicating the optimal time for nurse entrepreneurs to seek the opportunity to create and start their own business. Nursing entrepreneurship can vary widely by the type of career one would want to uphold. This can include starting a company or clinic, independent contractor, developing medical devices, computerized systems, a home health business, developing home health products, infection control, case management, telehealth nursing and can even include known careers such as a Legal Nurse Consultant or f amily/nurse practitioner. Nursing entrepreneurship is a complex career choice but can yield beneficial results concerning compensation, settings, demand, and legal implications. Requirements and Compensation The educational requirements for a nursing entrepreneur are similar to the requirements of a registered nurse. This begins with starting education for an ASN, Associate of Science in Nursing, or a BSN, Bachelor of Science in Nursing. To be an entrepreneur, it would be wise to consider taking Business classes, or better yet to consider a double major or even a minor in Business. According to Colorado State University Pueblos requirements for a minor in Business Administration, a total of 21 credit hours are needed to understand the fundamentals of accounting, economics, finance, and to understand the basics of managing a business by marketing a product or service. (CSU-P, 2013). With this, to become any type of registered nurse, one would then need to successfully pass the NCLEX-RN exam to obtain a nursing license. To start off a nursing career, one can work as an RN and begin their profession as a nurse entrepreneur from there. Starting a business requires a few more steps after becoming a nurse. To start a business, one must establish a business entity with the Secretary of States office. This requires filing a document and creating a new record with the Secretary of States office and after, the entrepreneur can register a Trade name or reserve a name. Then, one must obtain a Federal Employer Identification Number (FEIN), with the Internal Revenue Service in the occurrence of a corporation, limited liability company, limited partnership, limited liability partnership or even sole proprietor with employees. Then, filing your business with the State of Colorado online or a CR 0100 form is the next step. This involves applying for sales tax account, wage withholding account, and/or unemployment insurance account at the Department of Revenue, Colorado Business Registration. The final step is business licensing and registration, which is not necessary for every business, but obtaining a Nurse Licensure compact may be wise. License verification can be done through NURSYS verification to verify license and to receive detailed report. The National Nurses in Business Association offers their members a free business plan template that is customized for nurses and offers unlimited help to complete the plan. The typical salary for a nursing entrepreneur can vary greatly based on the type of entrepreneurship one plans on acquiring. Typically this can be in an average range of $129,000 for a registered nurse entrepreneur job in the state of Colorado. (Simply Hired, 2014). It can vary based on the industry, company, location, and experience. Independent nurse contractors set the terms of their services and negotiate their salary for themselves. Job Description and Setting The career path of a Nursing Entrepreneur has countless possibilities. This involves the capability of promoting oneself, being able to start a business while also creating and selling a product and/or providing a service. Nurses can venture off in many different directions concerning what type of business they want to establish. To illustrate how vast the career field is for nursing entrepreneurship, lets begin with a few different career choices and their descriptions. Physicians can establish their own medical office and collaborate with other specialty physicians to provide a wider base of care providing to patient needs. Nurses can open and operate a consultancy company providing a service offering clients information, instruction, advice and even opinions based on their needs and what they seek. A healthcare risk management (HCRM) reduces the risk for financial loss and property loss by identifying a clients risk and reducing and eliminating them. A legal nurse consultant, LNC, can be hired by law firms as an independent consultant as well as an in-house staff, they combine entrepreneurship work with attorney-clients and define applicable standards of care. A legal nurse consultant reviews and interprets medical records as related to a case, research medical issues, medical diagnosis along with terms and procedures of treatments, medical examinations, prepare discovery and disclosure of documents, reviewing a case for merit, and obtaining autho ritative witnesses. These are prime examples of career paths an entrepreneur can follow, although being an entrepreneur is not limited to just these options. The work setting of any entrepreneur can take place at home or where ever the entrepreneur decides to take practice as a self-employed, independent practice including; hospitals, clinics, healthcare facilities, law firms, agencies, insurance companies and establishing business made by the entrepreneur. History and Demand The role of a nurse entrepreneur dates back to 1854 in England by Florence Nightingale who established a worldwide change in health care. She introduced the first secular nursing training. The history continues with Mary Grant Seacole and Clara Barton, who were both considered entrepreneurs of their time. Mary Grant Seacole was rejected by the Nightingale School of Nursing and governing military forces. Without help in the 1850s, she fearlessly began a hotel to house wounded soldiers on both sides of the Crimean war to recover. Clara Barton founded the American National Red Cross in 1881 and also established the Bureau of Records of Missing Army Men at her own expense. The opportunities of an entrepreneur was quickly changing and expanding through time and during the 1970s nurses began to develop businesses and consulting services. (NNBA, 2013). The demand for nurse entrepreneurs is growing, like most health care careers, as more nurses step out and begin their own businesses. Entrep reneurs are self-employed and may employ others to work with and for them, creating more jobs for more individuals. Legal Implications As a nurse entrepreneur, a standard of care needs to be followed along with identifying safety measures and pursuing a standard of policies and procedures. If the career path is in pursuit of developing a product, registering a trade name for the product is well advised. The product also needs to be safe or the entrepreneur can be held liable for use of the product by consumers if the product is deemed unsafe or defective. Warnings about the product also need to be provided. Product liability insurance protects the business from claims of damage caused by a product from the client. A nurse entrepreneur should obtain an errors-and-omission professionally liability insurance. This insurance protects a company and individuals from claims made by clients for inadequate work or negligent actions. Nursing Theory Alberta Benduras self-efficacy theory (SET) best reflects entrepreneurism. Self-efficacy is defined by the belief that one has the power to produce an proficient outcome by completing a given task or an activity related to that competency. An entrepreneur is a person who is set to accomplish a goal to own their own business and self-efficacy relates a persons perception of their own ability to reach a goal. The three factors that influence self-efficacy are environment, behaviors, and personal/cognitive factors. The environment reflects where and what type of business the entrepreneur created and what they present to the client. Behaviors from both the client and entrepreneur affect each other in the terms of effective service. A mastery of this theory is by achievement through perseverance and overcoming of obstacles by observing others succeed through a sustained effort. An entrepreneur succeeds when the business has successful growth while obtaining a clients satisfaction of servi ce. Motivation, performance, and feelings of frustration associated with repeated failures determine affect and behaviour relations (Bandura, 1986). Conclusion Nursing entrepreneurship is a special career designed for those who want to take charge of the service they provide to the public. Entrepreneurship provides the opportunity to be ones own boss while maintaining the freedom of hours and work setting. Bendura provides an excellent theory for entrepreneurs to base their business on and provides the perspective of success by maintaining self-efficacy through environment, behaviors and personal/cognitive factors. Nursing entrepreneurship is the ideal career for those who are business savvy and have a passion for providing a product or service to their expanding customer/client base. A successful nurse entrepreneur demonstrates great leadership and remarkable creativity skills while also remaining fearless enough to take risks and venture their own path. References Banduras Self-efficacy Theory. Nursing Theories. AIPPG, 12 Feb. 2012. Web. 27 Mar. 2014. Brief History of Nurse Entrepreneurs. Nurse Entrepreneurship New Rules. National Nurses in Business Association, 23 Oct. 2012. Web. 25 Mar. 2014. . Business Administration. (n.d.). > Malik Seeme Hasan School of Business > Colorado State University-Pueblo. Retrieved March 26, 2014, from http://hsb.colostate-pueblo.edu/UndergraduatePrograms/Minors Dickinson, J. (2011). The origins and evolution of legal nurse consulting. Journal Of Legal Nurse Consulting, 22(2), 3-7. Robson, B. (2009). From emergency nurse to legal nurse consultant and independent practitioner: legal nurse consulting? What is that?. NENA Outlook, 32(2), 24-26. Simply Salary. Registered Nurse Entrepreneur Salaries in CO. Simply Hired, n.d. Web. 27 Mar. 2014. . Tag Archives: Nurse entrepreneur. Nurse Entrepreneurship New Rules. National Nurses in Business Association, Inc., n.d. Web. 22 Mar. 2014. . What is an LNC? American Association of Legal Nurse Consultants (AALNC). (n.d.). What is an LNC? American Association of Legal Nurse Consultants (AALNC). Retrieved February 9, 2014, from http://www.aalnc.org/?page=whatisanlnc

United States And The Summer Of Love History Essay

United States And The Summer Of Love History Essay The United States of America is a nation of pride, freedom, and culture. From the day the Declaration of Independence was signed, July 4, 1776, to present, 15 November 2010, numerous events have occurred that have shaped the lives, paths, and views of every citizen. The summer of 1967 in San Francisco, California was a summer that would never be lost in the eyes of the American public, and is a clear example of one of these numerous events. It was known as the Summer of Love. This summer was filled with new and different types of music, art, and literature which affected the U.S. as well as the world. This simple summer altered music within the American culture, freedom, choice, and trends in clothing, religious/life beliefs, the use of drugs, as well as the way people interacted with and treated each other. The Summer of Love was largely a part of the civil rights and antiwar movement, and as it developed it moved into the counterculture from which the Womens movement and Green move ment were developed (McCulloch). The economic markets for retailers as well as entertainers expanded drastically because there were so many new and popular trends and bands rising to the surface. San Franciscos 1967 Summer of Love had the strongest social, political, and economic impact out of all the events associated with the entire hippie movement throughout the United States, changing the people involved as well as the nation itself. The early 1960s was primarily when the hippie movement began. It mainly centered in the western part of the United States, mainly in San Francisco. The movement formed simply for the people who the behavior and values enforced by U.S. society (Home Front Turmoil: The 1960s, 288). It continued to expand greatly through multiple events during the 1960s, but the most influential event prior to the Summer of Love was known as the Human Be-In. The Human Be-In took place in San Franciscos very own Golden Gate Park just months before the infamous summer, January 14, 1967 (Layman, 322). Political liberation, ecological awareness, higher consciousness, personal empowerment, and other such ideals were what the event focused around. Various band and speakers from all around came out to promote their belief of questioning authority. Criticism and media attention was drawn after the event drew more than 20,000 celebration-craving hippies. More people began to migrate to San Francisco due to the w idespread news of what was going on (Perry, 9). For months prior to the Summer of Love, word echoed throughout the national media. Some college students who had read about the Human Be-In traveled to San Francisco during Spring Break to check things out. Others who were unable to make the trip then simply couldnt wait for the school year to be over, for the summer. Who knew that Haight-Ashbury District of San Francisco would be filled with more than 100,000 hippies only a few months later (1967: The Stuff That Myths Are Made of). The attendants consisted of mainly college and high school students, whom had just let out for summer vacation and eagerly joined in on the great movement they had been hearing about. A majority of the population whom attended the Summer of Love were part of the baby boom generation. During 1967, 20% of the United States population was made up of baby boomers between the ages of eighteen and twenty-four (Home Front Turmoil: The 1960s, 286). When the government tried to take advantage of the media and use it to prevent people from going, it simply persuaded people instead. These young adults saw an opportunity to meet up with people who shared the same ideals with them. Gain a chance to declare a new culture, and to create a new family among others of whom they were so alike. Many people purely just wanted to find freedom of both body and mind (1967: The Stuff That Myths Are Made of). A lot of changes and messages erupted from the Summer of Love, and the delivery of the changes and messages came in many forms. Potentially the strongest form of which was created was rock music. All around, the rock music scene consisted of more than just the music. It carried a new message, a new feeling, and new viewpoints. So many new bands and groups arose during this time simply because it was a time of change where people were so open-minded to the type of music and the protest-filled lyrics. Many well-known bands today were first discovered and heard at the Summer of Love. Some bands who were springing up were the Grateful Dead, Quicksilver Messenger Service, Big Brother and the Holding Company, Country Joe, the Fish, and Jefferson Airplane (McCulloch). Other rock musicians whom this counterculture centered around were the Beatles, the Rolling Stones, the Who, the Doors, Jimi Hendrix, Janis Joplin, Bob Dylan, Arlo Guthric, and Joni Mitchell (Home Front Turmoil: The 1960s, 288 ). Before this summer, people were not nearly as open-minded, and music, especially rock, was not nearly as free. Many bands were inspired to break free from the norm and express their beliefs using their music after the album Sgt. Peppers Lonely Heart Club Band was released by the Beatles. The way the Summer of Love altered music was a huge social benefit (McCulloch). Not only was music punching for a change, but clothing, fashion, trends were also hoping to break free and create whole new life. In the years before 1967, London, England had the hippest fashion, and this was mainly because thats where all the strongest music and bands were located. When the center of music switched over to America, and the hippie movement told hold of teens and young adults, the trends followed and started becoming more and more popular. The teens of this era had enough power with their spending that it created a drastic boost in the United States economy. Females were starting to embrace Mary Quant style miniskirts and mini dresses, and although they were not allowed to wear jeans and pants to school, casual bell-bottom jeans began to creep into their wardrobes. Just like today, jeans were much easier to manage and more comfortable than dresses and skirts, plus they were cheaper and people wanted to use that extra money for more important things. Bell-bottoms were simply one item of clothing that every hippie possessed. Because it sort of went against the Establishment, hippies on the west coast started to lean towards the inexpensive indie clothing. The reason people loved this new movement in clothing was because they were able to get up and put on anything they wanted. Many common things that were worn by many of the trendsetting hippies included fringe suede jackets, southwestern Native American dresses, embroidered cotton shirts, bell-bottom jeans, angel wing sleeves, and leather fringe with beads (Gregoire). A lot of people also wore flowers in their hair as a symbol of peace and rejection of U.S. militarism and the Vietnam War. Hippies got their nickname flower children from this (McCulloch). This new look among the public was eventually spread throughout America, but was first sparked in San Francisco in 1967 (Gregoire). As trends with music and clothing seemed to grow exponentially, the recreational use of drugs was strongly involved in the Summer of Love. People were trying to find new ways and eyes to see the world through, and drugs were a psychedelic option which offered a whole new route towards enlightenment. The two main drugs were cannabis (aka: marijuana, weed, pot) and LSD (aka: Lysergic acid diethylamide, acid). The public found the naturalness of cannabis and the idea that LSD could expand the amazement and wonders of nature so appealing (McCulloch). LSD was used by 10 to 30 million people including members of the top bands during this time. A lot of the lyrics and styles of music were inspired by the use of drugs which created a symbiotic relationship. It has been presumed by many individuals that the John Lennons Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds off of the Beatles album Sgt. Peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band refers to LSD, but Lennon in fact denies that there is any relationship (Matus). Bo th LSD and cannabis were illegal, but that definitely didnt stop anyone following the hippie movement. Soon speed (aka: amphetamines) became an epidemic. It was used as a supply for cannabis and LSD, so as the demand increased, they supply started to decrease. It altered peoples minds causing health and hygiene to deteriorate making it one of the most dangerous drugs of the time along with heroine which was used by and killed numerous musicians. The overuse and horrible effects these drugs had during the Summer of Love are reasons why these drugs are illegal today (1967: The Stuff That Myths Are Made of). During the 1960s people felt so trapped in what was going on, mainly with the war. Hippies were rejected by their families for being far from conservative. Politics became a huge role in their lives and in the movement all together. They made their beliefs and political views through musical shows, concerts, folk songs, peaceful sit-ins, and other simple things (Huber). The Summer of Love was a merely a demonstration of a political voice speaking through a peaceful way that everyone could understand. The Summer of Love occurred during a time when many historical movements were happening for the United States. One of the most prominent protests was against the war in Vietnam. Many families were losing their sons to the war because of the draft. Many believed it was unfair that they were being forced to fight for something they did not believe in. Although the United States was in fact winning the war by this point, the cruelty of the killing and the war in general were motives behind the Summer of Love. The Hippie counterculture embraced new music, clothes, psychedelic colors, and the entire anti war movement. St Francis of Assisi was one who loved the environment, animals, the sick and poor, and was against war. The Summer of Love really aimed to stress his principles. These ideals were incredibly strong, and are still carried out today by politicians who themselves contributed to the hippie movement during the 1960s and the Summer of Love in 1967 (Just a Season, but It Lives On) . Only a few years prior to the Summer of Love, Martin Luther King Jr delivered a speech, known among nearly all Americans to this day that demonstrated some of the ideals the hippies shared and long to share with others. We must not allow our creative protest to degenerate into physical violence. Again and again, we must rise to the majestic heights of meeting physical force with soul force. Dr. King (American Rhetoric: Martin Luther King, Jr. I Have a Dream). The Hippies followed Dr. King because he was suggesting peace and unity, which was what people were searching for at the Summer of Love. It had a lot to do with politics of the war and politics in general. The United States economy was affected by many things such as the new music and trends that were sprouting out, but the economy for the West-Coast, primarily San Francisco, was affected drastically in other ways. As people poured into the city for the hippie movement, Human Be-In, and mainly the Summer of Love, there was a great boost in the economy. The amount of houses bought and rented increased largely as well as the amount of food and other essentials being purchased. While this was a great thing, there were many people who lacked money. This caused people to flood into the streets. People started begging for the things they could not afford, shelter, food, water, clothes. Crimes broke out because of the enormous amount of need people carried for things. They would try to stop traffic by jumping on car bumpers to get peoples attention. The police would have to intervene and sometimes would leave people badly injured, and sometimes have to arrest out of control hippies. More poli cemen were hired as the situation went more and more out of control which hurtful to the economy because the more hired, the more it cost (1967: The Stuff That Myths Are Made of). Drugs were another downfall for the economy. Dealers were making large sums of money, profiting off of drug-craving hippies, but they were the only ones. People were spending all their money to get more marijuana and LSD that they had no money left for food and shelter. The Summer of Love had a strong impact economically, even if it was both good and bad. The Summer of Love had its ups and downs, but altogether it upheld a bold meaning, and ended strongly. The amount of people migrating to San Francisco was continually increasing at an outstanding, nearly ridiculous rate. People started joining in on the hippie movement and the Summer of Love because it was becoming popular. The popularity of it was merely commercialism. It became a victim of commercialism which is the very thing it was trying to reject. It was now becoming possible to buy into the psychedelic lifestyle. They could no longer continue on with something that was falling into the hands of what they were protesting against (McCulloch). On October 7, 1967, they held a parade known as Death of a Hippie, symbolizing the end of the Summer of Love. People who were planning on migrating to San Francisco to join in were advised to stay home, and spread the love among the people there. Others who were already in San Francisco traveled to new places to spread the love and the hipp ie ideals. As the season came to an end, so did the Summer of Love. The Summer of Love is scarcely documented on paper and the internet compared to other events in United States History, but it is documented in every individual who was alive and had a strong memory during the time. Anything can be written down on paper, but the only way that any person can easily recall an event is if it had a strong impact upon them. I was able to locate different articles that all together gave me what I needed. It was as if each piece and each memory from every person was a puzzle piece. Socially, the Summer of Love impacted clothing and music drastically. Economically, it brought and took away great wealth from the United States. Politically, it influenced the way many politicians in our government handle situations in the present day. The innocence and the belief of goodness in people that was carried travels on today. People were encouraged to try new things and say things that would have never said before. The Summer of Love was flat-out beautiful Angela Alio to (Just a Season, but It Lives On).

Servant Leadership vs the Common Core Essay -- Servant Leadership

If one wanted to look at a prime example of the practice of Servant Leadership, a person doesn’t have to look very far. It is found in every school in the form of teachers and educators. But recently implemented reforms like the Common Core have stymied teachers in their role of servant leaders. Servant Leadership is defined as a leadership that is based on serving others altruistically. Servant leaders put the wellbeing of their followers ahead of their own needs in order to see them grow to their fullest potential. The leader makes sure that their followers grow as persons, become wiser, healthier, freer, and more likely to become servant leaders themselves (Northouse, 2013). Behaviors that are at the core of Servant Leadership are integral to the teaching occupation. Being able to conceptualize allows a teacher to address problems creatively, which is necessary in teaching students of differing cultures, intellectual abilities and emotional maturity levels. Emotional healing speaks for itself; teachers, by nature of their job, have to be available for their students and provide them with support. Teachers do put their students first, often spending their own money (not their district’s money) on supplies that many students wouldn’t be able to have otherwise. Helping students grow and succeed is one of the core goals to teaching and ethical behavior is taught by teachers being an example of how to behave. Empowerment builds confidence for students to think and act on their own and by doing all of these things, teachers give back to the community when the students join the community as young adults, and as they become leaders themselves. Bu t in order to be able to perform all of these behaviors, teachers have to have th... ...ls. While there are many proponents and critics of the Common Core based on educational standards alone, from a leadership standpoint, the Common Core is detrimental. References Frequenty Asked Questions. (2014). Retrieved from Common Core State Standard Initiatives: http://www.corestandards.org/about-the-standards/frequently-asked-questions/ Minasian-Sommers, L. (2014, June 1). Common Core will harm education. Telegram & Gazette, p. A 13. Northouse, P. G. (2013). Leadership: Theory and Practice. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications. Strauss, V. (2014, January 18). Everything you need to know about Common Core — Ravitch. Retrieved from The Washington Post: http://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/answer-sheet/wp/2014/01/18/everything-you-need-to-know-about-common-core-ravitch/ Townsend, S. (2014, January 30). Common Core is too rigid. Times Union.

Problems in Australian Society :: australia

Australia: Still the Lucky Country? Fire, flood, drought & cyclones. These are just some of the natural disasters that the so called, Lucky Country, Australia endures every year. And, with 5% of Australia’s population living overseas, we are beginning to question if Australia really is ‘the lucky country’. IT’S true, that Australians are luckier than people from most other countries in the world, but are we really living in THE lucky country? Is there even really a lucky country at all? Once a dumping ground for criminals and never-do-goods during World War II. Australia became a home for almost seven million immigrants, many of them British people who sought a new start over in a sunny country with a hopeful future. Australia was once a dumping ground for criminals and never-do-goods during World War II. Now, Australia’s luck may have run out. Australia has had many different sorts of problems throughout the recent years, as: Twenty years ago, the regular Australian employee was too busy to worry about the happenings of parliament. Numerous people waited until Bob Hawke became Prime Minister, after only two years in parliament. The politically naive voted for this â€Å"regular bloke† who understood â€Å"real Australians† and he spoke like one to. His â€Å"fair dinkum† accent was his greatest asset. As soon as he became Prime Minister; this courageous, fair minded, man for the nation’s citizens turned into a wimpy, deceitful man, who had lost touch with his fellow Australians and walked the same direction as his forerunners. The Howard government was not much improved; it improved the economy, but had a terrible record on human rights issues. It’s only actual triumph had been to restructure the indirect tax system and to boost the reserve bank’s independence. Then there are natural disasters; over the years, Australia has experienced more than enough natural disasters. Drought is without doubt one of the most complex troubles that Australia must deal with. Due to the fact that Australia has an enormous area of desert, and very low annual rainfall, the country is very dry. Fire is another problem within Australia. They are among the natural disasters that cause the greatest loss of both humans and material. The fires break out for many different reasons, but one of the main causes is the dry air, that throughout summer, blows from the deserts to the coast. Another cause is during droughts, there is a lot of dry land, the heat from the sun can cause fires.

Research on Legalizing Marijuana Essay

Legalizing Marijuana has been a controversial and extremely volatile topic ever since the 1970’s. Many people hold strong beliefs regarding this topic and the subsequent laws that have been passed in certain states for the use of the recreational drug. However, marijuana is not just a recreational drug, but has many different wonderful medical purposes for the American people. Marijuana should be legalized for recreational and medical purposes throughout this country. This â€Å"drug† should be legalized throughout this country because unlike many of the legal substances that the United States provides, no one has died or been hospitalized for the use of marijuana. Additionally, marijuana would be an amazing product that the government can have their hands on, and provide it to the people all while taxing and regulating its product. This would have multiple benefits throughout every major city, depleting the use of illegal drug cartel and being able to extract millions, maybe even trillions amount of dollars in tax revenue. Finally, one of my concluding reasons as to why marijuana should be legalized is because marijuana, unlike all the legal substances, is not a gateway drug and according to many studies â€Å"A small minority of Americans- less than 1 percent- smoke marijuana on a daily basis† (CQ researcher 531). Those who are opposing this highly beneficial and amazing drug that could help potentially save lives, hide behind their numerous walls of misconception. A famous quote once said by Bob Marley says â€Å"herb is the healing of a nation, alcohol is the destruction.† This quote, I believe, was said to the nation of the United States indirectly. The damages that alcohol can do to ones body is much worse than of that of marijuana, and yet it is still legal. Whereas marijuana is illegal in most states and has more medical uses and benefits. â€Å"The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reports that more than 37,000 an-nual U.S. deaths, including more than 1,400 in Colorado, are attributed to alcohol use alone (i.e. this figure does not include accidental deaths). On the other hand, the CDC does not even have a category for deaths caused by the use of marijuana† (Saferchoice 1). Just because marijuana has been referred to as a drug many perceive it as being the type of drug where it controls the household, or breaks up the family, ruining the lives of the ones who used it. However I believe that this â€Å"drug† needs to be reevaluated for the good of humanity. â€Å"If people are truly growing it for personal consumption, its not an issue with us†(CQ Researcher 527) said Marc Alcantara and his 22 officer unit focus on commercial marijuana growing. Officers of the San Mateo County Narcotics Task Force has his priorities straight when it comes to marijuana, but he is not talking about your â€Å"backyard smokers.† Marc is talking about the indoor growing operations that have skyrocketed in the last 5 years over 265 percent. â€Å"Indoor growing operations are capable of turning out three crops a year, typically grossing $250,000 per crop.†( CQ Researcher 527) With marijuana already a lucrative California crop, Alcantara believes that we should go completely legal in the state of California, and legalize the entire cannabis industry and tax the product. Of course, Alcantara is not the only person who gets a say in this, as Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger thinks that it is not a time where we can just legalize something as powerful as this, but its defiantly time to talk about it. Unfortunately â€Å"right now is a hard time to convince the U.S. Congress that smoking weed is medicine† (CQ Researcher 527). The big question as to why marijuana hasn’t been legalized yet is out on the table. People have been talking about this proposition for the last five to six years. Evaluating marijuana as a revenue source requires solid estimates of the size of marijuana crops, and the figures vary widely. A nationwide cannabis crop estimate of 10 million metric tons- worth 35.8 billion- was what  was recorded by the White House drug- policy office in 2003. But some dismiss this fact because individuals believe that the United States would need somewhere between â€Å"†¦ 4 to 10 times more cannabis than it needs to cover domestic consumption.†(CQ Researcher 530) Even with a high demand of consumptions the United States government would be able to regulate and tax the marijuana accordingly to help stimulate the economy. â€Å"If you made it licit, and taxed it, the price would collapse.† (CQ Researcher 530) Stating that it would be harder to sell on the streets making the product more of a pharmaceutical drug instead of a street drug. In 2005 cigarette smoking had declined drastically, â€Å"†¦378 billion cigarettes sold in the United States was the lowest number since 1951, when the nations population was about half its present size.†(CQ Researcher 530) Marijuana was not only more safe than the effects and harm of alcohol but also it is more safe than the effect of tobacco as well. Although marijuana has its perks, it is still a drug and can very well have its down sides. â€Å"Long term marijuana use can be addictive for some people† (CQ Researcher 531). For those people who smoke marijuana 27 out of 30 days, critical skills related to attention, memory, and learning were significantly impaired, even after they had not used the drug for at least 24 hours. But although these side effects will happen, they will however not kill you, unlike the effects of alcohol and tobacco. Also with the effects of marijuana in early adolescents, can increase the likelihood of drug problems later in life. Legalizing marijuana would not only help the individuals who could use the powerful effects of it, it could also make room in our jails and make it easier on our police officers out on the streets. No more will an officer have to make a report for someone who was casually smoking a joint on the park bench. â€Å"The budget issue is very important, but we should not loose sight  of the moral component- 700,000 Americans are being arrested every year for nothing more than a marijuana possession. Those arrested are separated from their loved ones, branded criminals, denied jobs and in many cases prohibited from accessing public assistance for life.† (CQ Researcher 533) Marijuana is used in our lives for entertainment purposes, for recreational purposes, and most of all health purposes. A recent Washington Post review of a concert by The Dead (formerly the Grateful Dead) described seeing in the audience a â€Å"50-something with a tucked in polo button down shirt, and a blackberry holster at the hip slyly taking a hit of a joint.† (CQ Researcher 532) This individual wasn’t trying to hurt anyone, nor was he trying to bother anyone, but because the substance he was smoking was illegal he was targeted. This man in any other setting wouldn’t be looked at as a criminal but instead he is now getting a ticket and a humiliating felony on his recored, that could potentially ruin his life. Marijuana has been a topic of discussion for the last decade. Whether to legalize it, or keep it a street drug. Some say that legalizing it will only make it worse for the environment, making it everywhere around us, and having the whole world high. Others say that legalizing it will help, not only the economy, but the people living in the United States tremendously. Some say that keeping it illegal is better, but then complain about how bad the economy is, while others say that keeping it illegal will only hurt us in the long run. Whichever side your on, make sure you have evidence that supports your reasoning. There are so many different opinions to this matter and I feel that in the sooner years it will should be legal. My thoughts I felt as if this article not only brought both elements to the table but  also gave me different ways to look at the certain situation. This article was both inspiring and reasonable. It showed me that there are certain reasons as to why this product isn’t quite legal on the street just yet. This article gave me facts that I had no idea about and I really liked how it didn’t side with one specific side. Having both sides of the argument in this topic showed me a new light towards why not legalize it. There are many reasons as to why you shouldn’t legalize it, but not too many for the side of why too legalize it. I found a lot of great and intellectual information in this article that I would love to use in my life, and found a few new ways to think of things towards this situation. I enjoyed reading this article a lot and actually look forward in reading some more in my future.

A “Race and Color” Reading

Othello is one of the greatest tragedies by William Shakespeare. The Socio-Economic setting of the play drives us to ponder over it again and again. Othello was a Moor and had fallen head over heels in love with Desdemona and won her hands in marriage.Being unacquainted with the customs and norms of an alien culture, Othello had to suffer a lot.  Ã‚   What would have happened if Othello were not a Moor but a respected citizen of Venice?Automatically, the socio-economic equation would have changed and Othello might surely have enjoyed an enviable privilege to have a well-planned control over the whole situation. In Othello, we find a black man’s ‘sense of insecurity’, ‘puerility’, ‘eccentricity’ .Iago, the ‘artist in crime’ is a sordid opportunist of the postcolonial era, who insinuates, motivates and plans adeptly to take advantage of the characteristic weaknesses of Othello leading to irremediable frustration and despair t hat act as a stimulus in the murder of Desdemona.In Othello, we find a black man’s ‘sense of insecurity’, ‘puerility’, ‘eccentricity’ .Iago, the ‘artist in crime’ is a sordid opportunist of the postcolonial era, who insinuates, motivates and plans adeptly to take advantage of the characteristic weaknesses of Othello leading to irremediable frustration and despair that act as a stimulus in the murder of Desdemona.  Othello is the Moor white men need for their protection and well-being. Othello comes from a different socio-economic background and is employed by the tense and visibly perturbed Duke :†Valiant Othello, we must straight employ you,/Against the general enemy Ottoman.Written at a time when Negroes were being supplied to Virginia, Shakespeare’s Othello’s spirit glows with noble ancestral memories and critics like Grant White hold that only a civilized and warlike race could produce an Othello.Ot hello has a presence; he can raise the whites like Cassio to higher ranks, he can head an army, he can order two drunken men to sheath weapons, he can, if required, dismiss them for their offence and he is black and belongs to a lower socio-economic strata and after all race and social status mattered at that time.Hence the union of Othello and Desdemona is presented as the mating of animals, with the Moor as the ‘black ram’, a   practitioner of   ‘arts inhibited.’ A white Prospero can use magic openly and boldly and Shakespeare is apologetic to none but King James, while, Othello’s wooing and winning of a white woman is tantamount to the practice of ‘black magic.’Othello, after all, is an employee of the Duke and hails from a questionable background of a Moor who claims to be well-traveled but is reticent on his redoubtable socio-economic background.Can he in any way emulate the social status of Brabantio, whose daughter he marries out of love? Brabantio remembers the ‘wealthy curled darlings’ of his nation and is furious at the thought of his fair daughter against the Moor’s ‘sooty bosom’. Othello, the Moor, can hardly be accepted by the Venetian public as his skin is of black hue and he comes from an alien socio-economic status.  Othello seemed gratified as he had proved to be the right and only choice in the life of Desdemona. Till then, Othello had never been reminded of the fact that he was a Moor whom Desdemona was supposed to be afraid of. Basically, Othello was not a craven fellow, whose spirits could easily dampen on futile grounds. Othello wished not to doubt Desdemona but he never could brook the presence of any other lover in the life of Desdemona, whom he loved to the point of distraction. He blurted out at one point, â€Å"Cassio, I love the; But never more be officer of mine.†Regarding Othello, we come across a myriad points of view. Critics have labeled Othello   as a play of ‘sexual jealousy’ a play of motive and temptations ,so on, so forth. But here we see that Othello being unaware of the socio-economic picture of Venice treads the wrong path and gulps the dangerous bait. He ,like a fool, yields to Iago’s repeated insinuations. If Desdemona would have been a Moor herself , the disaster hardly would have followed.On the contrary, if Othello were not a Moor, his ‘sense of insecurity’ and ‘inferiority complex’ could not get the better of him, on the slightest provocation by Iago. Othello, even in Act III seemed ingenuous , generous easily credulous and firm in reason ,when he says, â€Å"†¦.This not to make me jealous/To say my wife is fair, feeds well,/loves company,†¦. Where virtue is, these are more virtuous.†Being a Moor, he won the love and undivided attention of Desdemona. When Iago crept in between them and strove heart and soul to malign the relationship, Ot hello lent him credulous ears. Didn’t he understand that Iago was keen on creating a rift in their unflinching alliance? Of course, in the subconscious of the protagonist, he made a dent surreptitiously and without Othello’s cognizance.Othello felt perplexed to find that even his truest and unalloyed love could not keep Desdemona ‘loyal’ to him! Was it simply because he was a Moor? Or, did Desdemona have to lose her life to Othello, only because the Black-and-White conflict caught hold of his mind unawares? We hear Othello recounting his shortcomings in a soliloquy in Act III ,Sc iii,lines-263-7: â€Å"Haply for I am black, /And have not those soft parts of conversation/†¦.She’s gone, I am abused.†His distrust lay rooted in himself ,in the society in which he feared himself ‘unaccepted’, though his love had   fully been requited, reciprocated. Why did then ‘uncertainty’ gnaw at his entrails? It was possibly be cause ,Othello could never forget the acrimonious warning of Brabantio: â€Å"Look to her, Moor, if thou hast   eyes to see:/She has deceived her father, and may thee.†

Immanuel Kant 1724-1804 Essay

Immanuel Kant was born on April 22, 1724 in Konigsberg, East Prussia. He was the son of a saddler. At age 8, he entered the Collegium Fredericianum, a Latin school, where he remained for 8 1/2 years and studied the classics. He then entered the University of Konigsberg in 1740 to study philosophy, mathematics, and physics. The death of his father halted his university career so he became a private tutor. In 1755, he returned to Konigsburg where he later resumed his studies. In 1756, he received a degree and was made a lecturer, and in 1770 he became a professor. Kant felt he had to adhere to a very strict schedule during his years as a professor. He would get up shortly before five in the morning and spent an hour drinking tea, smoking a pipe, and thinking over his day’s work. From six to seven he prepared his lecture, which would begin at seven or eight and lasted until nine or ten. After his lecture he would devote himself to writing until the midday meal. He always had company for his midday meal and it would always last several hours because he enjoyed conversation. After the meal he would take a walk for an hour or so and his evenings were devoted to reading and reflection. He would go to bed at ten o’clock. Besides his writings, he became famous for his schedule. Kant’s most striking character trait was probably his moral earnestness and his devotion to the idea of duty. He was a sociable man and was also kindly and benevolent. He was never rich but he was careful in money matters. He regularly assisted a number of poor people. He was a sincere and loyal friend and his conduct was marked by courtesy and respect for others. For 15 years after completing his doctorate he taught at the university where he lectured on science and math, but eventually he expanded his field to cover almost all branches of philosophy. Kant was an amazing orator and was internationally famous for his lectures. His main goal in philosophical courses was to stimulate his listeners to â€Å"stand on their own feet† as he put it. He was appointed to a regular chair of philosophy at the University at the age of 46 in 1770. He was made the professor of logics and metaphysics. He came into conflict with Prussia’s government due to his unorthodox religious teachings. In 1792, the King of Prussia, Frederick William II, forbade Kant to teach or write on religious teachings. He obeyed the king’s order until William II died. In 1798, the year following his retirement from the University, Kant published a summary of his religious views. He died on February 12, 1804. During his lifetime, Kant produced many writings. Scholars usually divide his literary career into two periods: the Pre-critical period and the Critical period. During the Pre-critical period, 1747 to 1781, he wrote many non-fictional works and criticisms. Some of them were â€Å"Thoughts on the True Estimation of Living Forces†, â€Å"On Fire†, â€Å"A New Explanation of the First Principles of Metaphysical Knowledge†, and â€Å"On the Forms and Principles of the Sensible and Intelligible World†. From 1770 to 1780, he mainly worked on preparing â€Å"The Critique of Pure Reason†. The Critical period lasted from 1781 to 1794. During this period, he wrote â€Å"The Critique of Pure Reason† in 1781, and â€Å"Foundation for the Metaphysics of Ethics† in 1785. Following the critical works, Kant published â€Å"Critique of Practical Reason†, â€Å"Critique of Judgment†, and â€Å"Religion within the Limits of Mere Reason†. Three main discussions of Kant are Duty, the Formula of the End, and the Kingdom of Ethics. Kant feels that we act morally when we do our duty, however it is important to distinguish between acting according to duty and acting from duty. Acting according to duty is when someone else has imposed the duty. This is an example of heteronymous will. An example of this is Adolf Eichmann, a German nazi general of WWII, who formulated the ‘final solution’. He said that according to Kant, he acted morally, since he was following orders, as it was his duty to do so. This is wrong because Kant says that we are only acting morally if we act from duty, as dictated by our innate reason. This is an example of autonomous will. Along with duty is the difference between the Categorical Imperative and the Hypothetical Imperative. Imperatives in general are commands that dictate a particular course of action, such as â€Å"you shall clean your room. † Hypothetical Imperatives are commands that depend on my preference for a particular end, and are stated in conditional form. The Categorical Imperative, Kant argues, are moral actions based on a â€Å"supreme principle of morality† which is objective, rational, freely chosen, and it is not conditional upon one’s preferences. Therefore the Categorical Imperative can be the only possible standard of moral obligation. An example of this is two grocers in a town are John and Joe. John wants to keep his trade, so he insists on selling the best goods, giving the best service, being friendly and polite, and offering value for money. Joe does the same, not to keep his trade, but because it is what he should do. According to Kant, even though the actions are the same, John is acting immorally, according to the Hypothetical Imperative, while Joe is acting morally, according to the Categorical Imperative. For Kant, the act is not important. As long as you are acting from duty and the motive is right, the act must be right. However, the Principles of Universalisability puts a twist on this. It states that if an action is applied to everyone, and everybody did what you were about to do, it became immoral or hypocritical, and then your act would be immoral. The Formula of the End deals with ends and means. Kant states that you must not treat people as means to your own end, but as ends in themselves. It would be similar to Christianity’s ‘Golden Rule’ except for the Universalisability Principle. The example of this is suicide. The ‘Golden Rule’ does not apply in this case, because when a person commits suicide, he does not treat others in ways he would want to be treated. He does not treat them at all, because he only treats himself. The Kingdom of Ethics states that human beings, because they are rational (use reason), possess inherent value. This means that they are ends in themselves. Their value is intrinsic, not instrumental. Kant feels that no rule of conduct, which applies to all human beings, can sanction actions favoring one person over another or agree to conduct where one person treats another as a means to an end. To do so is to demean oneself and the entire human race. Kant’s ethics are founded in and based on respect for persons. In following a certain course of moral action, regardless of inclination, a person is enacting a Kingdom of Ethics. Along with ethics is the idea of good will. Kant believes that it is wrong to intentionally break a promise that you have made with a person. He feels that good will is a pure duty outlook that disregards consequences entirely. He says that a good will is a wanting, which is informed by reason. It is a wanting which stems, not from inclination, but from duty. Kant says space and time are not concepts but that they are forms of intuition. He spends a lot of time showing the fallacies that arise from applying space and time to things that are not experienced. Kant agrees with David Hume in believing passion brings man morality. He feels that reason is only the comparing of ideas, and that reason will influence us away from our influences. The cultivation of reason is required for the purpose, and the purpose leads to happiness, therefore reason is compatible with happiness. Kant believed that reason connected us directly to things-in-themselves. He feels that we possess two sources of input that can serve as such datum. These are physical sensation and the sense of moral duty. Physical sensation starts an application of reason to experience, creating the perception of phenomenal objects. The supreme rational example of this is science. The sense of moral duty begins an application of reason that produces ethics and religion. The supreme rational example of this is the â€Å"Postulates of Practical Reason† the â€Å"Ideas† of God, freedom, and immortality, which to Kant are required as conditions of the Moral Law. Kant tries to demolish all the purely intellectual proofs of the existence of God. He makes it clear that he has other reasons for believing in God that he talks about later. God, freedom, and immortality are the three ideas of reason according to Kant. The differences between reality as seen in science, and reality as seen in morality and religion show that there are points to existence that are not revealed by either one alone. The two aspects are unequal. Magnitude and religion have a much more limited rational content, returning to many of the same questions over and over again. These include the ultimate questions about the meaning of life and existence, as well as the questions on how to live. Kant was led to characterize his system as transcendental idealism, so that we have a questioned representation of things, since our moral datum does not lead to direct knowledge of things that we are able to conceive, like God. This is because we do not have the real intuition that we have of physical objects. The reality shown by morality is a matter of faith for Kant. This is an inference from the Moral Law. This way, â€Å"transcendental idealism† is different form â€Å"subjective idealism† and â€Å"objective idealism†, since they both show certainties about the ultimate nature of things. The nature of things that we cannot know about concretely is revealed in science. Kant’s theory of empirical realism stresses that phenomena are undoubtedly mental contents. He feels that it is natural and easy to infer from this a â€Å"transcendental realism where â€Å"real† objects, which are not mental objects, are things we do not experience. At the age of 69, Kant wrote an essay on religion that is considered the boldest of all his writings. He said that churches have value only in that they assist the moral development of the race. He went on to say that when mere ceremonies usurp priority over moral excellence as a test of religion, religion has disappeared. He believed that the real church is a community of people, however scattered and divided, who are united by devotion to the common moral law. He thought the creed and ritual had replaced the good life and that instead of men being bound together by religion, they are divided into a thousand sects. He went on to say that a perversion is reached when the church becomes an instrument of the government and the clergy, whose function is to console and guide a harassed humanity with religious faith and hope and charity, are made the tools of political oppression. He said that miracles cannot prove a religion because we can never rely on the testimony which supports them, and that prayer is useless as it aims at a suspension of the natural laws that hold for all experience. A priori judgments are made outside of experience. â€Å"The sky is blue† is an a posteriori judgment (made on the basis of sensory experience). â€Å"I exist† is an a priori truth, which remains unchanged even if all of our senses are deceived. Analytic statements are true based only on the meanings of words. The only thing needed to determine truth is a dictionary. Synthetic statements cannot be judged like analytic statements. â€Å"My dog has black spots† is a synthetic statement. The truth cannot be determined since my dog is not known. The truth is not dependent on word meanings, but on if it corresponds with the world. Causality is applied to perception and concepts which are applicable to perception, Kant calls Categories. There are a total of twelve Categories. Kant says that the categories are patterns of understanding by which we examine structure and understand the things that we experience. Synthetic a priori judgments consist in applying the Categories to sensory information in space and time, or the â€Å"perceptual manifold. † Application of the Categories allows people to realize physical objects as capable of casual relations and interactions with other objects. Categories cannot be applied to knowledge or things that exist apart from space and time like things-in-themselves. Kant derives the Ideas from the possible forms of logical inference. When we assume that this potentially infinite series is given in its whole, an Idea is formed. Kant recognized three Ideas. The first is of the absolute unity of the thinking subject. The second is of the absolute unity of the order of the conditions of appearance. The third is of the absolute unity of the conditions of thought in general. The first Idea provides a subject matter of speculative psychology. The second is one of speculative cosmology, while the third is one of speculative theology. These are all metaphysical knowledge of matters of fact from synthetic a priori principles. Kant’s Ideas are really all about metaphysical paradoxes (Antimony of space and time) in its entirety, an unconditioned whole. Kant believes that all these matters are open to clarification and development. He also believes that the mind produces the world it knows. To understand â€Å"The Critique†, Kant’s logical system must be understood. He divides all judgments into analytic or synthetic judgments and a priori or a posteriori judgments. Judgments about empirical matters are synthetic, which can be denied without any contradiction. A priori judgments are free from experience. All analytic judgments are a priori. Therefore judgments are split up into three classes: analytic a priori, synthetic a posteriori, and synthetic a priori. One of his points made in â€Å"The Critique† is to show how synthetic a priori judgments occur in pure mathematics and natural science. Critique is not really a criticism, but a critical analysis where Kant is not attacking â€Å"pure reason† except to show its limitations. Rather he hopes to show its possibility and to exalt it above the impure knowledge which comes to us through the distorting channels of sense. He is trying to show that knowledge is not all derived from the senses. Kant distinguished between perceiving and thinking, which are from two distinct faculties of the mind, sense and understanding. There are three types of concepts. A posteriori concepts are taken from sense perception and are applicable to it, while Ideas are free of all sense perception. From Kant we know that every event must have a cause. This is possible only on the condition that objects must be subjected to the concepts of human understanding. He said that not all knowledge is gained through experience. It is possible to gain knowledge from sense-experience. That is that you can learn by seeing things that are not experienced but rather come from logic. â€Å"The Critique of Pure Reason†, published in 1781, is a synthesis of rationalism and empiricism. In order to understand Kant’s position and orthodox teachings, we must first understand the philosophical background that he was reacting to. There were two major historical movements in the early modern period of philosophy that had a significant impact on Kant: Empiricism and Rationalism. Kant argued that both the content and method of these philosophies contained serious flaws. A central problem for philosophers in both movements was determining how we can escape from within the confines of the human mind and the immediately knowable content of our thoughts to acquire knowledge of the world outside of us. The Empiricists sought to accomplish this through the senses and a posteriori reasoning. Empiricists such as John Locke argued that human knowledge originates in our sensations or experiences. Locke argued that the mind was a blank slate, or a â€Å"Tabula Rasa†, upon which our experiences writes and that experience teaches us everything. The Rationalists attempted to use a prori reasoning to build the necessary bridge. The Rationalists, principally Descartes, approached the problems of human knowledge from another angle. The Rationalists believed that the mind was the source of knowledge and that sense-data from our experiences only trigger the knowledge already in the mind. Kant’s answer to the two positions changed the face of philosophy. Both of these in themselves, he believed, gave a one-sided view of knowledge. Kant believed that there was more to knowledge then just experience. He believed that the mind gave us knowledge through the â€Å"categories†. That experience is going to trigger the knowledge or categories that are innate to all of us. So he would say that there is nothing that we could not know or learn because we already have the categories in the mind. Kant believed that nations would not really be civilized until all standing armies are abolished. He stated that standing armies cause states to try to outdo each other with the number of armed men each has. Because of the expense of the armies, peace becomes in the long run more oppressive than a short war; and standing armies are the cause of aggressive wars undertaken in order to get rid of this burden. Kant felt that much militarism was due to the expansion of Europe into America and Africa and Asia. He believed that if democracy was established and that everyone shared in political power, the spoils of international robbery would have to be subdivided as to constitute a resistible temptation. Kant said when those who must do the fighting have the right to decide between war and peace, history will no longer be written in blood. Many philosophers were influenced by prior philosophers. Berkeley was, for Kant, the characteristic â€Å"idealist† and an empiricist. Descartes, on the other hand, was a â€Å"realist† believing that objects exist separately from us. He also thought that we could only know their essences through â€Å"clear and distinct† innate ideas. This made him a â€Å"transcendental† realist. Kant’s thoughts were mainly influenced by the rationalism of Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz, Christian Wolff, and the empiricism of David Hume. The reason I chose Immanuel Kant to research is because not only of his philosophical views but also because of his interests in scientific issues. He was interested in virtually every aspect of human experience. While researching him I became impressed with his views on war, especially that if we allowed the people who have to do the fighting to make the decision about war, we would have peace. I agree that sometimes the government makes the decisions that doesn’t represent what the people want. I was also impressed with his views on religion, how the churches become instruments in the hands of the government and the clergy become tools of politics. Since Kant’s thought is truly the basis of modern philosophy, it is still a main point of departure for the 21st century.